Statistical Moment Analysis: 1st to 4th Central Moments in Frequency and Time Domains.
| Audio Feature | Domain | Meaning |
| 1. Moment: Centroid | Freq / Time | Frequency: Center of mass of the spectrum (brightness). Time: Temporal energy center (early vs. late energy). |
| 2. Moment: Spread | Freq / Time | Frequency: Variance/bandwidth around the centroid (tonal vs. noisy). Time: Duration/spread of the envelope (short click vs. long sustain). |
| 3. Moment: Skewness | Freq / Time | Frequency: Asymmetry of the spectrum around the mean. Time: Envelope asymmetry (e.g., sharp attack/slow decay vs. slow swell). |
| 4. Moment: Kurtosis | Freq / Time | Frequency: Peakedness of the spectrum (pure sine vs. broad noise). Time: Peakedness of the envelope (isolated transient vs. constant level). |
| Spectral Flatness | Frequency | Ratio of geometric to arithmetic mean; indicates how flat/noisy the spectrum is. |
| Spectral Rolloff | Frequency | The frequency below which 85% of the spectral energy is contained. |
| Entropy | Frequency | Measure of disorder or unpredictability in the spectral energy distribution. |
| Crest Factor | Frequency | Ratio of peak amplitude to RMS; indicates extremeness of peaks. |
| Spectral Flux | Frequency | Measure of how quickly the power spectrum changes from frame to frame. |
| Early-to-Late Index | Time | Ratio of early energy (first 50ms) to late energy (reverb/decay). |